Worldwide prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization: A literature review

Norailys Pérez Navarro¹ image, Burak Buldur2 image

Highlights

This study investigated the global prevalence of MIH in children aged 3-18 from 1987 to 2023, highlighting the need for standardized diagnostic criteria and regional data.

The study found a global MIH prevalence of 9.4%, with significant regional variations, including the highest rate in America (17.7%) and the lowest in Africa (4.9%).

These results emphasize the necessity for targeted regional strategies in MIH prevention and management, addressing the diverse prevalence rates and improving overall dental health outcomes for affected children.

Abstract

Molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a qualitative enamel defect with a multifactorial etiology, affecting at least one permanent first molar and often associated with permanent incisors and other teeth. MIH is prevalent worldwide, particularly among children under 10 years of age. However, its prevalence rates vary significantly even within the same country. This study aimed to determine the global prevalence of MIH from 1987 to 2023, focusing on children aged 3 to 18 years, using the 2003 EAPD classification. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS, and Google Scholar, covering studies from 1987 to July 2023 that included sample sizes of more than 1,000 children. A total of 80 studies met the inclusion criteria, with most participants aged between 6 and 12 years. Of these studies, 69 (86.2%) utilized the 2003 EAPD classification. Globally, 17,980 children out of 179,800 examined presented MIH, resulting in a prevalence of 9.4%. Regional prevalence varied: in Asia, 8,812 out of 81,954 children (10.7%) had MIH; in Africa, 344 out of 6,904 children (4.9%); in America, 2,193 out of 12,324 children (17.7%); and in Europe, 6,631 out of 90,042 children (7.3%). The American region reported the highest prevalence of MIH at 17.7%, while Europe and Asia showed similar rates close to the global prevalence (7.3% and 10.7%, respectively). Africa reported the lowest prevalence at 4.9%, but the number of studies conducted there was limited. Overall, MIH has a moderate global incidence with significant regional variations.

Keywords: Child; Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization; Prevalence; Tooth Demineralization

Author Affiliations

  1. Former professor. Assistant Professor in the Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Comprehensive General Stomatology. Faculty of Medical Sciences, Cuba (Correspondence:norailyspnavarro@gmail.com)
  2. Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Turkiye
  1. Paglia L. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: paediatricians should be involved as well! Eur J Paediatr Dent 2018;19:173-181
  2. Salgadom A, García V, Torres A, Mateos M, Ribas D, et al. Prevalencia del síndrome de hipomineralización incisivo-molar: revisión de la literatura. Odontol Pediatr 2016;24:134-148
  3. Barros CR, Cavalcanti AL. Molar incisor hypomineralization: A challenge of pediatric dentistry? J Oral Res 2018;7:84-85
  4. Weerheijm K, Duggal M, Mejare I, Papagiannoulis L, Koch G, Martens LC. Judgement criteria for molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in epidemiologic studies: a summary of the European meeting on MIH held in Athens. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003;4:110–123
  5. Garg N, Jain AK, Saha S, & Singh J. Essentiality of early diagnosis of molar incisor hypomineralization in children and review of its clinical presentation, etiology and management. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2012;5:190–196
  6. Koruyucu M, Özel S, Tuna EB. Prevalence and etiology of molar-incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in the city of Istanbul. J Dent Sci 2018;13:318–328
  7. Lopes LB, Machado V, Mascarenhas P, Mendes JJ, Botelho J. The prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2021;11:22405
  8. Afshari E, Dehghan F, Vakili MA, Abbasi M. Prevalence of Molar-incisor hypomineralization in Iranian children – A systematic review and narrative synthesis. BDJ open 2022;8:15-22
  9. Bukhari ST, Alhasan HA, Qari MT, Sabbagh HJ, Farsi NM. Prevalence and risk factors of molar incisor hypomineralization in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022;18:696–710
  10. Koch G, Hallonsten AL, Ludvigsson N, Hansson BO, Holst A, Ullbro C. Epidemiologic study of idiopathic enamel hypomineralization in permanent teeth of Swedish children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1987;15:279–285
  11. Clavadetscher P. Fehlstrukturrietre sechsjahresmolaren: haufigkeit und art der schmelzdefekte und deren moglich ursachen. Eine studie an Zurcher schlkinderen. Thesis. Zurich: Medizinichen Facultat der Universitat, 1997:19-32. In Lygidakis, N. A., Dimou, G., & Briseniou E. Molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH). Retrospective clinical study in Greek children. I. Prevalence and defect characteristics. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008;9:200–206
  12. Dietrich G, Sperling S, Hetzer G. Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralisation in a group of children and adolescents living in Dresden (Germany). Eur J Paediatr Dent 2003;3: 133-137
  13. Kosem R, Senk Erpic A, Kosir N, Kastelec D. Prevalence of enamel defects with emphasis on molar-incisorhypomineralisation in Slovenian children and adolescents. Barcelona, Spain. 7th Congress of the EAPD. 2004.
  14. Preusser S, Ferring V, Wleklinski C, Wetzel WE. Prevalence and severity of molar incisor hypomineralization in a region of Germany — a brief communication. J Public Health Dent 2007;67:148-150
  15. Jasulaityte L, Weerheijm KL, & Veerkamp JS. Prevalence of molar-incisor-hypomineralisation among children participating in the Dutch National Epidemiological Survey. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008;9:218–223
  16. Lygidakis NA, Dimou G, Briseniou E. Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH). Retrospective clinical study in Greek children. I. Prevalence and defect characteristics. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2008;9(4):200–6.
  17. Cho SY, Ki Y, & Chu V. Molar incisor hypomineralization in Hong Kong Chinese children. Int J Paediat Dent 2008;18:348–352
  18. Kemoli AM. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation in six to eight year-olds in two rural divisions in Kenya. East African Med J 2008;85:514–519
  19. Kukleva, MP., Petrova, SG, Kondeva, VK, Nihtyanova, TI. Molar incisor hypomineralisation in 7-to-14-year-old children in Plovdiv, Bulgaria–an epidemiologic study. Folia Médica 2008;50:71–75
  20. Zawaideh FI, Al-Jundi SH, & Al-Jaljoli MH. Molar incisor hypomineralisation: prevalence in Jordanian children and clinical characteristics. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2011;12:31–36
  21. Fnaish MM, Alawneh AM, Da’ameh M, Al-Share AA. Dental anomalies in children in north Jordan. Pakistan Oral Dent J 2011;31:309e314
  22. Biondi AM, Córtese SG, Babino L, & Toscano MA. Molar incisor hypomineralization: Analysis of asymmetry of lesions. Hipomineralización Molar Incisiva: Análisis de la asimetría de las lesiones. Acta Odontol Latinoamericana 2019;32:44–48
  23. Condò R, Perugia C, Maturo P, & Docimo R. MIH: epidemiologic clinic study in paediatric patient. ORAL & implantology 2012;5:58–69
  24. Elfrink ME, Ghanim A, Manton DJ, Weerheijm KL. Standardised studies on Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) and Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars (HSPM): a need. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2015;16:247–255
  25. Parikh D, Ganesh M, Bhaskar V. Prevalence, and characteristics of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation (MIH) in the child population residing in Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012;13:21–26
  26. Sönmez H, Yıldırım G & Bezgin T. Putative factors associated with molar incisor hypomineralisation: An epidemiologicalstudy. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2013;14:375–380
  27. Kohlboeck G, Heitmueller D, Neumann C, Tiesler C, Heinrich J, Heinrich-Weltzien R, Hickel R, Koletzko S, Herbarth O, Kühnisch J, & GINIplus Study Group, LISAplus Study Group.Is there a relationship between hyperactivity/inattention symptoms and poor oral health? Results from the GINIplus and LISAplus study. Clinical oral investigations 2013;17:1329–1338
  28. Jeremias F, de Souza JF, Silva CM, Cordeiro RdeC, Zuanon AC, & Santos-Pinto L. Dental caries experience and Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization. Acta Odontol Scand 2013;71:870–876
  29. Petrou MA, Giraki M, Bissar AR, Basner R, Wempe C, Altarabulsi MBet al. Prevalence of Molar-Incisor-Hypomineralisation among school children in four German cities. Int J Paediat Dent 2014;24:434–440
  30. Mittal NP, Goyal A, Gauba K, Kapur A. Molar incisor hypomineralisation: Prevalence and clinical presentation in school children of the northern region of India. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2014;15:11–18
  31. Bhaskar S, Hegde S. Molar-incisor hypomineralization: prevalence, severity, and clinical characteristics in 8- to 13-year-old children of Udaipur, India. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2014;32:322–329
  32. López Jordi MC, Cortese SG, Álvarez L, Salveraglio I, Ortolani AM, Biondi AM. Comparison of the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization among children with different health care coverage in the cities of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and Montevideo (Uruguay)]. Salud Colectiva 2014;10:243–251
  33. Noori AJ, Hussein SA. Molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) among Kurdish children in Sulaimani City, Iraq. Sulaimani Dent J 2014;1:45e50
  34. Hanan S. Simone OAF, Ary OM, Loiola C, Santos PL, Cilence Z et al. Molar-incisor hypomineralization in schoolchildren of Manaus, Brazil. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatr Clín Integr 2015;15:309–317
  35. Balmer R, Toumba KJ, Munyombwe T, Godson J, Duggal MS. The prevalence of incisor hypomineralisation and its relationship with the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2015;16:265–269
  36. Rodrigues F, Ribeiro P, Thomaz E, Lima G, Neves P, Ribeiro C. Molar-incisor hypomineralization in school children of São Luis, Brazil Maranhão: Prevalence and associated factors. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatr Clín Integr 2015;15:271–278
  37. Kirthiga M, Poornima P, Praveen R, Gayathri P, Manju M, Priya M. Prevalence and severity of molar incisor hypomineralization in children aged 11-16 years of a city in Karnataka, Davangere. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2015;33:213–217
  38. Kevrekidou A, Kosma I, Arapostathis K, Kotsanos N. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization of Eight- and 14-year-old Children: Prevalence, Severity, and Defect Characteristics. Pediatr Dent 2015;37:455–461
  39. Krishnan R, Ramesh M, Chalakkal P. Prevalence and characteristics of MIH in school children residing in an endemic fluorosis area of India: an epidemiological study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2015;16:455–460
  40. Ng JJ, Eu OC, Nair R, Hong CH. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in Singaporean children. Int J Paediat Dent 2015;25:73–78
  41. Karimi M, Yousefimoradi A. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in eight to twelve-year-old students of Kermanshah. 2015. Kermanshah University of medical Sciences. in Afshari E, Dehghan F, Vakili MA, Abbasi M. Prevalence of Molar-incisor hypomineralization in Iranian children: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. BDJ open 2022;8:15-22
  42. Tourino LF, Corrêa-Faria P, Ferreira RC, Bendo CB, Zarzar PM, Vale MP. Association between Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Schoolchildren and Both Prenatal and Postnatal Factors: A Population-Based Study. PloS One 2016;11:e0156332
  43. Mishra A, Pandey RK. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: An Epidemiological Study with Prevalence and Etiological Factors in Indian Pediatric Population. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9:167–171
  44. Yannam S, Amarla D, Rekha C Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in school children aged 8-12 years in Chennai. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2016;34:134–138
  45. Subramaniam P, Gupta T, & Sharma A. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization in 7-9-year-old children of Bengaluru City, India. Contem Clin Dent 2016;7:11–15
  46. Hysi D, Kuscu OO, Droboniku E, Toti C, Xhemnica L, Caglar E. Prevalence and aetiology of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralisation among children aged 8-10 years in Tirana, Albania. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2016;17:75–79
  47. Gurrusquieta BJ, Núñez VM, López ML. Prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Mexican Children. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;41:18–21
  48. Shin J, Kim J, Kim S. Prevalence and Clinical Features of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in Adolescents in Yangsan. Korean Acad Pediatr Dent 2017;44:210-219
  49. Salem K, Azarbaan S. An investigation of prevalence predictive factors of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in Rasht. Iran J Mashhad Dent Sch 2017; 41:31–40.
  50. Salari A, Khanmohammadi R, Seraj B. Prevalence of Molar-incisor hypomineralization in 7-12-year-old children in Tehran. 2016. Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Afshari, E., Dehghan, F., Vakili, M. A., & Abbasi, M. Prevalence of Molar-incisor hypomineralization in Iranian children: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. BDJ open 2022;8:15
  51. Saitoh M, Nakamura Y, Hanasaki M, Saitoh I, Murai Y, Kurashige Y et al Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization and regional differences throughout Japan. Environ Health Prev Med 2018;23:55-62
  52. Kühnisch J, Kabary L, Malyk Y, Rothmaier K, Metz I, Hickel R et al. Relationship between caries experience and demarcated hypomineralised lesions (including MIH) in the permanent dentition of 15-year-olds. Clin Oral Investig 2018;22:2013–2019
  53. Saber F, Waly N, Moheb D. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation in a group of Egyptian children using the short form: a cross-sectional study. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2018;19:337–345
  54. Buchgraber B, Kqiku L, Ebeleseder KA. Molar incisor hypomineralization: proportion and severity in primary public-school children in Graz, Austria. Clin Oral Investig 2018;22:757–762
  55. Vargas-Ferreira F, Peres MA, Dumith SC, Thomson WM, Demarco FF. Association of Pre- Peri- and Postnatal Factors with Developmental Defects of Enamel in Schoolchildren. The Journal of clinical pediatric dentistry 2018;42:125–134
  56. Glodkowska N, Emerich K. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: prevalence and severity among children from Nothern Poland. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2019;20:59–66
  57. Goswami M, Bhushan U, Pandiyan R, Sharma S. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization-An Emerging Burden: A Short Study on Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics in Central Delhi, India. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12:211–214
  58. Kılınç G, Çetin M, Köse B, Ellidokuz H. Prevalence, aetiology, and treatment of molar incisor hypomineralization in children living in Izmir City (Turkey). Int J Paediat Dent 2019;29:775–782
  59. Mejía JD, Restrepo M, González S, Álvarez LG, Santos-Pinto L, Escobar A. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in Colombia: Prevalence, Severity and Associated Risk Factors. J Clin Pediat Dent 2019;43:185–189
  60. Rai PM, Jain J, Raju AS, Nair RA, Shashidhar K, Dsouza S. Prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization among School Children Aged 9 to 12 Years in Virajpet, Karnataka, India. Maced J Med Sci 2019;7:1042–1046
  61. Goyal A, Dhareula A, Gauba K, Bhatia SK. Prevalence, defect characteristics and distribution of other phenotypes in 3- to 6-year-old children affected with Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars. Eur Arc Paediatr Dent 2019;20:585–593
  62. Abo ElSou AA, Mahfouz SM. Prevalence and severity of molar incisor hypomineralization in school children of Suez canal region: cross-sectional study. Egypt Dent J 2019;65:909-915
  63. Emmatty TB, Eby A, Joseph MJ, Bijimole J, Kavita K, Asif I. The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization of school children in and around Muvattupuzha, Kerala. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev 2020;38:14–19
  64. Thakur H, Kaur A, Singh N, Singh R, & Kumar S. Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Molar-Incisor Hypomineralization in 8-16-year-old Children in Industrial Town of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13:230–234
  65. Ray P, Mohanty UK, Sethi,D, Mahakur M,Sharma G. Prevalence and Treatment Need of Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation in 8-12 Year Old School Going Children of Cuttack, Odisha,J Clin of Diagn ReS 2020;14:ZC05-ZC09
  66. Shojaeepour S, Jalali F, Shokrizadeh M, Riahi Madvar R, TorabiPariziM, Shojaeipour R. Assessing the prevalence ofmolar-incisor hypomineralization and its effects on oral health-related quality of life in children aged 8-12 years in the city of Kerman, Iran Saeedeh. J Oral Heal Oral Epidemiol 2020;9:143-148
  67. Hamdan M, Abu-Ghefreh EA, Al-Abdallah M, Rajab LD. The prevalence and severity of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) among 8 year-old children in Amman, Jordan. Egypt Dent J 2020;66:1989-1997
  68. Osman S, Elmasry E, Abd Al Gawad R. Prevalence of molar incisor hypominerlization among a group of Egyptian children: a cross sectional study. Egypt Dent J 2020;66:2021-2028
  69. Kevrekidou A, Kosma I, Kotsanos I, Arapostathis KN, Kotsanos N. Enamel opacities in all other than Molar Incisor Hypomineralisation index teeth of adolescents. Int J Paediatr Dent 2021;31:270–277
  70. Arheiam A, Abbas S, Ballo L, Borowis E, Rashwan S, El Tantawi M. Prevalence, distribution, characteristics and associated factors of molar-incisor hypo-mineralisation among Libyan schoolchildren: a cross-sectional survey. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2021;22:595–601
  71. de Lira A de LS, Sousa FJ, de Sousa FDC, de Fontenele MKV, Ribeiro CKC, Ferreira LEG. Prevalence and predisponent factors of molar-incisor hypomineralization in primary dentition. Braz J Oral Sci 2021;20:e211202
  72. Yi X, Chen W, Liu M et al. Prevalence of MIH in children aged 12 to 15 years in Beijing, China. Clin Oral Investig 2021;5:355–361
  73. Amend S, Nossol C, Bausback-Schomakers S, Wleklinski C, Scheibelhut C, Pons-Kühnemann J et al. Prevalence of molar-incisor-hypomineralisation (MIH) among 6-12-year-old children in Central Hesse (Germany). Clin Oral Investig 2021;25:2093–2100
  74. Tarannum, Ravichandra KS, Muppa R, Srikanth K, Kantipudi MJ, Ram KC. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Prevalence in the Schoolchildren of Gannavaram Mandal, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2021;14:737-740
  75. Padmanabhan V, Anas R, Osama R. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization Prevalence and Distribution in School Going Children in UAE. J Pediatr Dent 2021;7:115-120
  76. Nisii F, Mazur M, De Nuccio C et al. Prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization among school children in Rome, Italy. Sci Rep 2022;12:7343
  77. Verma S, Dhinsa K, Tripathi AM, Saha S, Yadav G, Arora D. Molar Incisor Hypomineralization: Prevalence, Associated Risk Factors, Its Relation with Dental Caries and Various Enamel Surface Defects in 8-16-year-old Schoolchildren of Lucknow District. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15:1–8
  78. Khan A, Garg N, Mayall SS, et al. Prevalence, Pattern, and Severity of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in 8–12-year-old Schoolchildren of Moradabad City. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;15:168–174
  79. Abdelaziz M, Krejci I, Banon J. Prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in over 30,000 Schoolchildren in Switzerland. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2022;46:1–5
  80. Grieshaber A, Waltimo T, Haschemi AA, Erb J, Steffen R, Bornstein MM, & Kulik EM. Prevalence of and factors associated with molar-incisor hypomineralisation in schoolchildren in the canton of Basel-Landschaft, Switzerland. Clin Oral investig 2023;27:871–877
  81. Al-Nerabieah Z, AlKhouli M, Dashash M. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of molar-incisor hypomineralization in Syrian children: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2023;13:8582
  82. Berenstein Ajzman G, Dagon N, Iraqi R, Blumer S, Fadela S. The Prevalence of Developmental Enamel Defects in Israeli Children and Its Association with Perinatal Conditions: A Cross-Sectional Study. Children 2023;10:903
  83. Souza JF, Jeremias F, Costa-Silva CM, Santos-Pinto L, Zuanon AC, Cordeiro RC. A etiology of molar-incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) in Brazilian children. Eur Arch Pediat Dent 2013;14:233-238
  84. Einollahi M, Hekmatfar S, Molaei M. Association between molar incisor hypomineralization and both prenatal and postnatal factors in 8 -10 years old children in ardebil. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2020;9:3606-3610
  85. Sara T, Hussain A, Majd T, Heba J, Najat M. Prevalence and risk factors of molar incisor hypomineralization in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2023;18:1-12
  86. Zhao D, Dong B, Yu D, Ren Q, Sun Y The prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization: evidence from 70 studies. Int J Paediatr Dent 2018;28:170–179
  87. Dave M, & Taylor G. Global prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralisation. Evidence-based Dentistry 2018;19:78–79
  88. Schwendicke F, Elhennawy K, Reda S, Bekes K, Manton DJ, Krois J. Global burden of molar incisor hypomineralization. J Dent 2018;68:10–18
  89. McCarra C, Olegário IC, O’Connell AC, Leith R. Prevalence of hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Paediatr Dent 2022;32:367–382
  90. Hartsock LA, Burnheimer J, Modesto A, & Vieira AR . A Snapshot of the Prevalence of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization and Fluorosis in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Pediatr Dent 2020;42:36–40
  91. Ahmed AT, Soto-Rojas A, Dean J, Eckert GJ, & Martinez-Mier EA. Demarcated Primary Second Molar Hypomineralization: Prevalence Data and Associated Sociodemographic Determinants from Indiana. Pediatr Dent 2021;43:443–450
  92. Davenport M, Welles AD, Angelopoulou MV, Gonzalez C, Okunseri C, Barbeau L et al. Prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA: a pilot study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2019;11:109–117
  93. Shetty A, Konuri A, Bhat N, Moorkhot S, Raveendran A, Kumar SEP et al. Effects of maternal vitamin deficiency on the microstructure of the maternal hippocampus and behavior in offspring. JTUMED 2023;18:1108–1114

Article Info

Contemp Pediatr Dent 2024:5(1):15-33

Received: 16 January 2024

Accepted: 29 April 2024

Online First: 30 April 2024

DOI: 10.51463/cpd.2024.1

845 views

Full Text

Attachments

Attachments

File Downloads
pdf CPD_2024_1 608

How to Cite 

				
					Norailys Pérez Navarro, Burak Buldur. Worldwide prevalence of molar-incisor hypomineralization: A literature review. Contemp Pediatr Dent 2024:5(1):15-33.

Related Articles

Share Article

Under a Creative Commons license
Tagged , , ,